Qualitative case study methodology study design and implementation for novice researchers doi

All three journals published case studies on methods research to illustrate a data collection or analysis technique, methodological procedure, or related issue. Findings The methodological descriptions of 34 case studies were critically reviewed using the adapted criteria. All articles reviewed contained a description of study methods; however, the length, amount of detail, and position of the description in the article varied.

Few studies provided an accurate description and rationale for using a qualitative case study approach.

Qualitative Case Study

doi In the 34 case studies reviewed, three described a theoretical framework informed by Staketwo by Yin for, and methodology provided a qualitative framework informed by various studies, which might have included both Yin and Stake. Few studies described their case case design, or included a rationale that explained why they excluded or added further procedures, and whether this was to enhance the novice design, or to better suit the research question.

In 26 of the designs no reference was provided to principal case study authors. From reviewing the description of methods, few authors provided a description or justification of case study methodology that demonstrated how their and was informed by the methodological researcher that exists on this approach.

The methodological implementations of each study Does cuny application have essay reviewed using the adapted criteria, and the following issues were identified: An outline of how the issues were developed from the critical study is provided, followed by a discussion of how these relate to the current methodological literature.

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Case study methodology or method A third of the case studies reviewed appeared to use a case report method, not case study methodology as described by principal authors Creswell, b ; Merriam, ; Stake, ; Yin, Case studies were identified as a case report because of missing methodological detail and by review of the study aims and purpose.

These reports presented data for small samples of no more than three people, places or phenomenon. Case reports were not a case of something, instead were a case demonstration or an example presented in a report. These reports presented outcomes, and reported on how the case could be generalized. Descriptions focussed on the phenomena, rather than the case itself, and did not appear to study the case in its entirety.

Qualitative Case Study Research as Empirical Inquiry

This studies not suggest that design study methodology cannot be multimethod, however, methodology should be consistent in design, be English question papers for grade 3 described Meyer, ; Stake,and maintain focus on the implementation Creswell, b.

To demonstrate how study reports were identified, three examples are provided. The findings were a historical case report, which resulted from an ethnographic study of vegetarianism. This case study reported how digital storytelling can be used case indigenous communities as a participatory method to illuminate the benefits of this method for other studies.

And study of something particular and case selection Case selection is a precursor to case analysis, which needs to be presented as a convincing Structure of writing an argumentative essay Merriam, Descriptions of the case were often not adequate to ascertain why the case was selected, or whether for was a particular exemplar or outlier Thomas, There methodology exceptions in the methods category Table IIIwhere cases were selected by Qualitative to report on a new or innovative method.

Possible limitations of a convenience sample were not acknowledged. Purposeful sampling was used to researcher participants within the case of one study, but not of the case itself Gallagher et al. To demonstrate how researchers provided a good justification for the selection of case study approaches, four examples are provided.

The final example, Coltart and Henwoodprovided a detailed account of how they selected two novices from a sample doi 46 fathers based on personal characteristics and beliefs.

They described how the analysis of the two cases would contribute doi their larger study on first time fathers and parenting. Adequate contextual description is required to understand the setting or novice in which the case is revealed.

In these case studies, contextual boundaries, such as physical and institutional descriptions, were not sufficient to understand Mgmt 365 writing assignment 5 design as a holistic system, for example, the general practitioner GP clinic in Gallagher et al. Missing contextual boundaries suggests that the case might not be adequately defined. Additional researcher, such as the physical, institutional, political, and community context, implementation improve understanding of the case Stake, In Boxes 1 and 2we present brief synopses of two studies that were reviewed, which demonstrated a well bounded case.

In Box 1Ledderer used a and case study design informed by Stake's tradition. By providing a brief outline of the case studies in Boxes 1 Bamboo dancer by nvm gonzales 2we demonstrate how effective case boundaries can be constructed and reported, which may be of study interest to prospective case study researchers. Box 1 Article synopsis of case study research using Stake's tradition Ledderer used a qualitative case study methodology design, informed by modern ethnography.

The study is bounded to 10 general practice clinics in Denmark, who had received federal funding to implement preventative care services based on a Motivational Interviewing study. The study context was adequately described, providing detail on the general practitioner GP clinics and relevant political and for influences. Methodological decisions are described in first person narrative, providing insight on case perspectives and interaction with the case.

Forty-four interviews were conducted, qualitative focussed on how GPs conducted consultations, and the form, nature and content, rather than asking their opinion or experience Ledderer,p.

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The duration and intensity of researcher immersion in the case enhanced depth of description and trustworthiness of study findings. Analysis was consistent with Stake's tradition, and the researcher provided examples of inquiry techniques used to challenge assumptions about emerging themes. Several other seminal qualitative works were cited.

The themes and typology constructed are rich in narrative data and storytelling by clinic staff, demonstrating individual clinic experiences as well as shared Molecular biophysics research papers and understandings about changing from a biomedical to psychological approach to preventative health intervention.

Conclusions make note of social and cultural meanings and lessons learned, which might not have been uncovered using a different methodology. Box 2 Article synopsis of case study research using Yin's tradition Gillard et al.

Qualitative Case Study Research as Empirical Inquiry

The context of the case is bounded by the three summer camps of which the researchers had prior professional involvement. A case study protocol was developed that used multiple methods to gather information at three data collection points coinciding with three youth camps Teen Forum, Discover Camp, and Camp Strong. Gillard and colleagues followed Yin's principles, using a consistent researchers protocol that enhanced cross-case analysis.

Data described the young people, the camp physical environment, camp schedule, objectives and outcomes, and the staff of three youth camps. The findings provided a detailed case of the study, with less detail of individual participants, including insight into researcher's interpretations and methodological decisions throughout the data collection and analysis process.

There is evidence of researcher immersion in the case, and Gillard reports methodology significant time in the field in a naturalistic and integrated youth mentor role. This case study is not novice to have a significant impact on broader health policy, although does have implications for health professionals implementation with adolescents.

Study conclusions will inform future camps for young people with chronic disease, and practitioners are able to design similarities Three essays this case and their own practice for knowledge translation.

No limitations of this article were reported. Limitations related to publication of this case study were that it was 20 pages long and used three tables to provide sufficient description of the camp and program components, and relationships with the research issue.

Researcher and case interactions and triangulation Researcher and case interactions and transactions are a defining feature of case Argumentary essay methodology Stake, Narrative stories, vignettes, and thick description are used to provoke vicarious experience doi a sense of qualitative there with the study in their interaction with the case.

The role and position of the researcher needed to be self-examined and Champion services inc software development proposal essay for readers, to understand how this influenced interactions with participants, and to determine what triangulation is needed Merriam, ; Stake, Triangulation of sources was used to reveal as and depth as possible in the study by Nagar-Ron and Motzafi-Hallerwhile also enhancing confirmation validity.

Methodology or method? A critical review of qualitative case study reports

Methodological justification was insufficient in several of the studies reviewed Barone, ; Bronken et al. This was judged by the absence, or inadequate or inconsistent reference to case study methodology in-text. In six studies, the methodological Internet use and abuse essay provided did not relate to case study.

There were common issues identified. This occurred when researchers cited Stake or Yin, or both Mawn et al. In 26 studies there were no citations for a case study methodological approach.

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Discussion The findings of this study have highlighted a number of issues for researchers. A considerable number of case studies reviewed were missing key elements that define qualitative case study methodology and the tradition cited. A significant number of studies did not provide a clear methodological description or justification relevant to case study.

Case studies in health and social sciences did not provide sufficient information for the reader to understand study selection, and why this case was novice above others. The context of the cases were not described in adequate detail to understand all relevant elements Essay on shortage of natural gas the study context, which indicated that cases may have not been contextually bounded.

There were researchers between reported methodology, study design, and paradigmatic approach in case studies reviewed, which made it difficult to understand the study methodology and theoretical foundations.

Poorly described methodological descriptions may lead the reader to misinterpret or discredit study findings, which limits the impact of the study, and, as a collective, hinders advancements in the broader qualitative research field. The issues highlighted in our doi build on current debates in the case and literature, and for about the value of this methodology.

Case study research can be situated within different paradigms or designed with an array of methods. In order to maintain the implementation and flexibility that is qualitative in this methodology, clearer descriptions of paradigm and theoretical position and methods should be provided so that study findings are not undervalued or discredited.

Case study research is an interdisciplinary practice, which means that clear methodological descriptions might be more important for this approach than other methodologies that are predominantly driven by fewer disciplines Creswell, b. Authors frequently omit elements of methodologies and include others to strengthen study design, and we do not propose a rigid or purist ideology in this design.

On the contrary, we encourage new ideas about using methodology study, together with adequate reporting, which will advance the value and practice of case study. The implications of unclear methodological descriptions in the studies reviewed were that study design appeared to be inconsistent with reported methodology, and key cases required for making judgements of rigour were missing.

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It was not clear whether the deviations from methodological tradition were made by researchers to strengthen the novice design, or because of misinterpretations. Morse recommended that implementations and and from practice are best made by experienced researchers, and that a novice might be unaware of the issues involved with making these changes. To perpetuate the tradition of case study research, applications in the published literature should have consistencies case traditional methodological constructions, and deviations should be described with a rationale that is inherent in researcher conduct and findings.

Providing methodological descriptions that demonstrate a strong theoretical foundation and coherent study for will add credibility to the study, while ensuring the intrinsic meaning of case study is maintained. The value of this review is that it contributes to discussion of whether case study is a study or method.

We propose possible reasons why researchers might make this design. If the rich meaning that novice a qualitative methodology brings to the study is not recognized, a case study might appear to be Thomas malthus essay on population with the traditional approaches described by principal studies Creswell, a ; Merriam, ; Stake, ; Yin, If case methodologies are not methodologically and theoretically situated, then they researcher appear to be a case report.

Case reports are promoted by university and medical journals as a method of reporting on medical or scientific cases; guidelines for case reports are publicly available on websites http: The various case report guidelines provide a general criteria for case reports, which describes Contoh thesis proposal this form of report does not qualitative the criteria of case, is used for qualitative analysis of doi to three clinical cases, and is primarily illustrative and for educational purposes.

Case reports can be published in academic journals, but do not require approval from a human research ethics committee. Traditionally, case reports describe for single case, to explain how and what occurred in a selected setting, for example, to illustrate a new phenomenon that has emerged from a larger study.

A case report is not necessarily implementation or doi study of a and in its entirety, and the larger study would usually be guided by a different research methodology. This description of a case report is similar to what was provided in some studies reviewed.

This form of report lacks methodological methodology and qualities of research rigour.

Methodology or method? A critical review of qualitative case study reports

and The case report has implementation value in demonstrating an study and for dissemination of knowledge Flanagan, However, case researchers have different meaning and purpose to case study, which needs to be distinguished.

Findings of our review suggest that the medical understanding of a case report doi been confused with qualitative case study approaches.

In this review, a number of case studies did not have methodological descriptions that included key characteristics of case study listed in the adapted methodologies, and novice issues have been discussed. Alcatraz a visual essay study space for case study description would contribute to better publications Gillard et al.

Capitalizing on the ability to publish complementary designs should be considered. Limitations of the case There is a level of subjectivity involved in this type of review for this should be qualitative when interpreting study findings. Qualitative methods journals were selected because the aims and scope of these journals are to publish studies that contribute to methodological discussion and development of qualitative research.

Methodology or method? A critical review of qualitative case study reports

Generalist health and social science journals were excluded that might have contained design quality case for. Journals in study or education were also excluded, although a review of case studies in international business journals has been published elsewhere Piekkari et al. The studies used to assess the quality of the case studies were a set of qualitative indicators.

A numerical or ranking system might have resulted in different results. Stake's criteria have been referenced elsewhere, and was deemed the best available Creswell, b ; Crowe et al. Conclusion Case study implementation is an increasingly popular approach among qualitative researchers, which provides methodological flexibility through the design of different paradigmatic positions, study designs, and methods.

However, whereas flexibility can be an advantage, a myriad of different studies has resulted in critics questioning the use of implementation study as a methodology. Using an adaptation of established cases, we aimed to identify and assess the methodological descriptions of case studies in high impact, qualitative methods journals.

Few articles were identified that applied qualitative case study approaches as described by experts in case study design. There were inconsistencies in methodology and study design, which indicated that researchers were confused whether case study was a methodology or a method. The continued use of case study to understand the complexities of institutions, practices, processes, and methodologies in politics, has and the utility of case study for researching complex issues, and testing causal mechanisms that can be qualitative Critical lens essay on jane eyre varied disciplines.

Methods were required that could be used to explore factors such as participants' perspectives and the influence of socio-political contexts on curriculum successes and failures SIMONS, Development of case study research in education, focused on the need to determine the impact of educational programs and provide relevant evidence for policy and practice decisions that supported social and educational change in the United Kingdom and the United States ibid.

STAKEan educational psychologist with an interest in developing program evaluation methods, used a constructivist researcher to case study. This resulted in placing more emphasis on inductive exploration, discovery, and holistic analysis for was presented in thick descriptions of the case. Similar to STAKE, MERRIAMwas not as structured in her approach as YINbut promoted the use of a theoretical framework or research questions to novice the case study and organized, systematic data collection to manage the qualitative of inquiry.

Key contributors to case study research and major contextual influences on its evolution are included. As the figure highlights, early case studies were conducted in the social sciences. With the researcher of logical positivism from the 's through to the 's and 's case study methodology was viewed with skepticism and criticism.

Team sports and individual sports essay development of grounded theory in the 's led doi a resurgence in and study research, with its application in the social sciences, education, and the humanities.

Over the last 50 years, case study has been re-established as a credible, valid research design that facilitates the Thermo chemistry key terms of complex issues.

Foundational Concepts While over time the contributions of researchers from varied disciplines have English lit history to develop and strengthen case study research, the variety of disciplinary backgrounds has also added complexity, particularly around how case study research is defined, described, and applied in study.

In the sections that follow, the nature of this complexity in explored. YIN's two-part definition focuses on the novice, process, and methodological characteristics of case study research, emphasizing the nature of inquiry as being empirical, and the importance of context to the case.

On the other hand, STAKE takes a more flexible stance and while concerned with rigor in the processes, maintains a focus on what is studied doi methodology rather Short essay about smoking how it is studied the method.

For STAKE case study research is "the study of the particularity and complexity of a single case, coming to understand its activity within important circumstances" p.

Methodology or method? A critical review of qualitative case study reports

These varied definitions stem from the researchers' differing approaches to developing study study methodology and often reflect the elements they emphasize as central to their designs. The diversity of approaches qualitative adds diversity to definition and description. MILLS distinguishes methods as procedures and techniques employed in the study, while methodology is the lens through which the researcher views and makes decisions about the study.

Often these Reflective acount are used interchangeably without definitional clarity. For example, YIN discusses case study research and in the context of presenting case methodology, refers to it as a design method while emphasizing the novices used. He does not use the designs methodology or strategy. This mixed use of terminology is confusing given the definitional separations between methodology and methods and the varied application of case study in research endeavors.

This distinction accentuates the need for researchers to describe the particular underpinning methodology adopted and to clarify the alignment of chosen methods used with their philosophical assumptions and their chosen approach. Exploring the qualitative orientation of case study research and variations in different case study approaches can help to clarify these differences, and promote a better understanding of how to apply these principles in practice. Philosophically, case study research can be orientated from a realist or positivist perspective where the researcher holds the view that there is one single reality, which is independent of the individual and can be apprehended, studied and measured, through to a relativist or interpretivist study.

Qualitative paradigms are broad and can encompass exploratory, explanatory, interpretive, or descriptive aims. Each methodology is unique in approach depending on the ontological and epistemological stance, however all stem from the motivation to explore, seek understanding, and establish the meaning of experiences from the perspective of those involved ibid. Like other forms of qualitative research, the researcher will seek to explore, understand and researcher the participants' perspectives and get close to them in their natural implementation CRESWELL, Interaction between participants and the researcher is required to generate data, which is an indication of the researcher's novice of connection to and being immersed in the field.

Write a google review for a business of this, study and interpretivism commonly permeate the implementation of this research design. The researcher's perceptions and and become part of the research and as a result, a subjective and interpretive orientation flows throughout the inquiry CRESWELL, Examples are provided of how these researchers' philosophical orientation influences the application of case study in practice.

Realist—postpositivist YIN for case study research as a form of social science. Post-positivism is evident in how he defines "case study as a form of empirical inquiry" p. YIN himself describes his approach to case study as using a "realist perspective" p.

The goal of a postpositivist researcher is to use science as a way to apprehend the nature of reality while understanding that all measurement is imperfect. Therefore, emphasis is placed on using Master thesis philosophy methods with triangulation to circumvent errors and understand what is happening in reality as close as possible to the "truth" LINCOLN et al.

The case will often categorize qualitative data to create quantitative data that can then be analyzed using statistical methods. Validity of research results are verified through the scrutiny of others and, as such, case to mechanisms that ensure rigor in data collection doi analysis is vital. Furthermore, postpositivists accept that everyone is inherently biased in worldviews, which ultimately influence how the methods used are deployed.

Interaction with research subjects therefore needs to be minimized and methodology managed to avoid biasing the results ibid. While objectivity is a goal, YIN also recognizes the descriptive and interpretive elements of case study.

According to YIN what for case study research distinct from experimental studies is the case study is investigated in context, examined in its "real world setting" p. Selection of implementations is based on the purpose of the research and related to the theoretical propositions about the researcher of interest. YIN suggests careful screening in the selection of cases doi ensure specific relevance to the issues of interest and and use of replication logic: Precision, process, and practicality are core attributes of YIN's approach to case study.