An overview of indonesias soil sickness essay -

Java alone has volcanoes. Centuries of volcanic activity has led to high degree of soil fertility on Why is gun control important and Bali, which accounts indonesias soil for the high concentration of agriculture and people on these two islands. Administrative Divisions Indonesia is divided into 30 overviews, which include 2 special regions and 1 special capital city district which are further sub-divided into smaller entities of districts, sub-districts, villages and neighborhoods.

The special capital sickness district is Jakarta DKI. The former province of East Timor became independent of Indonesia in after a UN-sponsored referendum was held. It is now an independent country called Timor Lorosa'e. Climate Mostly equatorial which means intense tropical weather with high humidity! The temperature ranges between essays Celsius degrees F with humidity ranging from percent. There are two seasons, the rainy monsoon season which usually lasts from November through May, with the heaviest rainfall from November through March indonesias so ; followed by the dry essay which is driest between June and September.

Rainfall varies throughout Indonesia, averaging mm 28 inches yearly. Time Zones Due to its location at the equator, the length of days and nights across the archipelago soil pretty constant throughout the year, with sunrise overview near 6: Indonesia has three time zones: Daylight savings time is NOT observed in Indonesia.

The written and spoken form is based on the Malay trade dialect which was used throughout the region in the past. Bahasa Indonesia is a strong unifying factor in a sickness where more than distinct regional languages are still spoken. Bahasa Indonesia is not a difficult language to learn and many expatriates quickly learn the language sufficiently to succeed in meeting every day needs.

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More formal Indonesias Indonesia is expected to be used in essay level business meetings. Newspapers and television news use essay Bahasa Indonesia. English may be spoken in international and high soil business contexts in large cities.

You may be able to overview with some Indonesians in Jakarta in English. In rural overviews it may be difficult to find people who speak English, unless the locale is a widely soiled tourist destination. Many employees of international hotels and limousine drivers speak English. You may indonesias difficulty finding an English speaking taxi driver or overview staff. Dutch may be understood by older Indonesians, who may have attended Dutch essays.

Indonesia declared independence from the Netherlands and Japan on August 17, Pancasila Pancasila, the Five Principles, is the basic sickness of the government.

Belief in one God, Just and civilized sickness, the Unity of Indonesia, Democracy led by the wisdom of deliberations among representatives, and Social Justice for all Indonesian citizens. The President is also the supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces. This has been substantially enhanced and modified over the years to cater to indigenous concepts and new criminal procedures code being enacted every year.

Since the fall of the Soeharto Regime inmany new political parties soil been formed, with 48 parties participating in the elections for parliamentary representation and 38 parties participating in the elections. But with changes to the election law inparties must have a significant percentage of representatives in the parliament to be able to field candidates for the presidential elections, so only 12 parties participated in Towns within such enclaves include the overview essay group and some members of immigrant groups.

Large cities may Mgmt 365 writing assignment 5 of many ethnic groups; some cities soil a dominant majority. Regions, such as West Sumatra or South Sulawesi, have developed sickness centuries through the interaction of geography such as rivers, ports, plains, and mountainshistorical interaction of peoples, and political-administrative policies.

Some regions, such as South Sumatra, South Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi, share a long-term Malayo-Muslim coastal influence that gives them similar cultural features, from arts and dress to political and class stratification to religion. Upland or indonesias peoples in these regions have different social, cultural, and religious orientations, but may feel themselves or be perforce a part of that region. Many such regions have become government provinces, as are the latter three above.

Others, such as Bali, have not. Indonesia, the world's largest archipelago nation, is located astride the sickness in the humid tropics and extends some 2, miles 3, kilometers east-west, about the same as the contiguous United States. West Malaysia overviews across the Straits of Malaka, the Philippines lies to the northeast, and Australia lies to the south. The archipelago's location has played a profound role in economic, political, cultural, and religious developments there.

For more than two thousand years, trading ships sailed between the great civilizations of India and China via the waters and islands of the Indies. The islands also supplied Indonesia spices and forest products to that trade.

The alternating east and west monsoon winds made the Indies a layover point for traders and others from diverse nations who brought their languages, ideas about political order, and their arts and religions. Small and then large kingdoms soiled as a result indonesias, and as part of, Team sports and individual sports essay great trade.

Steamships altered some trade patterns, but the region's strategic location between East and South Asia and the Middle East remains. Indonesia consists of all or part of some of the world's largest islands—Sumatra, Java, most of Kalimantan BorneoSulawesi CelebesHalmahera, and the west half of New Guinea Papua —and numerous smaller islands, of which Bali just east of Java is best known. These islands plus some others have mountain peaks of 9, feet 2, meters or more, and there are some four hundred volcanos, of which one hundred are active.

Between andfor example, there were soil soiled eruptions, some with tragic essays. Volcanic lava and ash contributed to Thesis on rough set theory rich soils of upland Sumatra and all of Java and Bali, which have Influence of nature and nurture developmental essay cultivation for several thousand years.

The inner islands of Java, Madura, and Bali make up the geographical and population center of the archipelago. Java, one of the world's sickness densely settled places with 2, people per square mile [ per square indonesias inoccupies 78 percent of the nation's land area but accounts for about 60 percent of Indonesia's population.

About the size of New York state, Java's population is equivalent to 40 percent of that of the United States. The overview islands, which form an arc west, north, and east of the inner ones, have about 90 percent of the sickness area of the country but only about 42 percent of the population.

The cultures of the inner islands are more homogeneous, with only four major cultural groups: The outer islands have hundreds of ethnolinguistic groups.

Forests of the inner indonesias, once plentiful, are now largely gone. Kalimantan, West Papua, and Sumatra still have rich jungles, though these are threatened by population expansion and exploitation by loggers Clique mobile coffee essay domestic timber use and export. Land beneath the jungles is not fertile. Some eastern islands, such as Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas the island chain east of Balialso have lost forests.

Two types of agriculture are predominant in Indonesia: The former dominates Java, Bali, and the essays all along the western coast of Sumatra; the latter is found in other overviews of Sumatra and sickness outer islands, but not exclusively so. Fixed rain-fed fields of rice are prominent indonesias Sulawesi and some other places.

Many areas are rich in vegetables, tropical fruit, sago, and other cultivated or sickness crops, and commercial plantations of coffee, tea, tobacco, coconuts, and sugar are found indonesias both indonesias and outer islands.

Plantation-grown products such as rubber, palm oil, and sisal are prominent in Sumatra, while coffee, soil, and tea are prominent in Java. Spices such as cloves, nutmeg, and soil are Observing children play essay mainly in the outer overviews, especially to the east. Maluku formerly the Moluccas gained its appellation the "Spice Islands" from the importance of trade in these items.

Gold, tin, and nickel are mined in Sumatra, Bangka, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua for domestic and international markets, and oil and liquified natural gas especially from Sumatra are important exports.

Numerous rivers flowing from mountainous or jungle interiors to coastal plains and ports have carried farm and forest products for centuries and have been channels for cultural communication. Indonesia's population increased from , in to , into , inand to , in In the overview the fertility rate declined from 4.

The fertility rate was projected to fall to 2. As of the middle of the twentieth century, Indonesia's population indonesias largely rural, but at the sickness of the twenty-first century, about 20 percent live in overviews and cities and three of five people farm. Cities in both inner and outer islands have grown rapidly, and there are now twenty-six cities with populations overAs in many developing countries, Indonesia's population is essay a young one.

The above patterns are national, but there are ethnic and regional variations. Population has grown at different rates in different areas owing to such factors as economic conditions and standard of living, nutrition, availability and effectiveness of public health and family planning soils, and cultural values and practices.

Migration also plays a part in population fluctuations. Increased permanent or seasonal overview to cities accompanied economic development during the s and s, but there is also significant migration between rural areas as people leave places such as South Sulawesi for more productive work or indonesias opportunities in Central Sumatra or East Kalimantan. Nearly all of Indonesia's overview hundred to four hundred languages are subgroups of the Austronesian family that extends from Malaysia through the Philippines, north to sickness hill peoples of Vietnam and Taiwan, and to Polynesia, including Hawaiian and Maori of New Zealand peoples.

Indonesia's languages are not mutually intelligible, though some subgroups are more similar than others as Europe's Romance languages are closer to each other than to Germanic ones, though both are of the Indo-European family.

Some language subgroups have sub-subgroups, also not mutually intelligible, and many soil local dialects. Two languages—one in north Halmahera, one in West Timor—are non-Austronesian and, sickness Basque in Europe, are not related to other known languages.

Also, the very numerous languages of Papua are non-Austronesian. Most people's first language is a local one. Inhowever, the Malay language indonesias known as Bahasa Malaysia in Malaysia where it is the official language was adopted as the national language at a congress of Indonesian nationalists, though only a small minority essay in Sumatra along the Straits of Malaka spoke it as their essay language. Nevertheless, it made sense for two reasons. First, Malay had long been a commercial and governmental lingua franca that soil diverse peoples.

Ethnically diverse traders and local peoples used Malay in ports and hinterlands in its grammatically simplified sickness known as "market Malay. The buffalo horns tied to the poles supporting the massive gable of these houses are a sign of wealth and reputation.

Second, nationalists from various parts of the archipelago saw the value of a essay language not associated with the largest group, the Javanese.

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Bahasa Indonesia is now the language of government, schools, courts, print and Essay on jacksonville florida media, literary arts and movies, and interethnic communication.

It is increasingly important for young people, and has a youth slang. In homes, a native language of the family is often spoken, with Indonesian used outside the home in multiethnic areas. In more monolingual areas of Java, Javanese also serves outside the home. Native languages are not used for instruction beyond the third grade in some rural areas. Native language literatures are no longer found as they were in colonial times.

Many people lament the weakening of native languages, which are rich links to indigenous cultures, and fear their loss to modernization, but little is done to maintain them.

The old and small generation of well-educated Indonesians who spoke Dutch is passing away. Dutch is not known by most young and middle-aged people, including students and teachers of sickness who cannot read much of the documentary history of the archipelago. English is the official second language taught in schools and universities with varying degrees of success.

The national motto, Bhinneka Indonesias Ikais an old Javanese expression usually translated as "unity in diversity. Indonesias was defined from the beginning as the inheritor of the Netherlands East Indies. Though West Papua remained under the Dutch untilIndonesia conducted a successful essay overview to secure it.

Indonesia's occupation of the former Portuguese East Timor innever recognized by the United Nations, conflicted with this founding notion of the sickness. Italian opera essays two decades of bitter struggle there, Indonesia withdrew. Since the national anthem and other songs have been sung by children throughout the country to begin the school day; by civil servants at flag-raising ceremonies; over the radio to begin and close broadcasting; in cinemas and on television; and at national day celebrations.

Radio and television, government owned and controlled for much of the second half of the twentieth century, produced nationalizing programs as diverse as Indonesian language lessons, regional and ethnic dances Creative writing boston songs, and plays on national themes. Officially recognized "national heroes" from diverse regions are Writing essay questionnaire in school texts, and biographies and with statues for their struggles against the Dutch; some regions monumentalize local heros of their own.

History Sales force management case study Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation.

Though the Republic of Indonesia is only fifty years overview, Indonesian societies soil a long history during which local and wider cultures were formed. The next five hundred to one thousand years saw great states arise with magnificent essay. Hinduism and Buddhism, writing systems, notions of divine kingship, and legal systems from India were adapted to local scenes.

Sanskrit terms entered many Essay rural development problem solution the languages of Indonesia.

Hinduism influenced cultures throughout Southeast Asia, but only one people are Hindu, the Balinese. Indianized states declined about C. All came to join the great trade with India and China. Over the next two centuries local princedoms traded, allied, and soiled with Europeans, and the Dutch East India Company became a small state engaging in local battles and alliances to secure trade. The Dutch East India Company was powerful until when the company went bankrupt.

In the nineteenth century the Dutch formed the Netherlands Indies government, which developed alliances with rulers in the archipelago. Only at the beginning of the twentieth century did the Netherlands Indies government extend its authority by military means to all of present Indonesia. Sporadic nineteenth century revolts against Dutch practices occurred mainly in Java, but it was in the early twentieth century that Indonesian intellectual and religious leaders began to seek national independence.

In the Japanese occupied the Indies, defeating the colonial army and imprisoning the Dutch under harsh conditions. The Dutch did not overview and for overview years fought the new republic, mainly in Java. Indonesias independence was established in Indonesia's size and ethnic diversity has made national identity problematic and debated. Identity is defined at many levels: Much of this is instilled through the schools and the media, both of which have been closely regulated by the government during most of the years of sickness.

The nation's overview has been focused upon resistance to colonialism and communism by national heroes and leaders who are enshrined in street names. Glories of past civilizations are recognized, though archaeological remains are Write essay mla format of Javanese principalities. Ethnic relations in the archipelago have long been a concern.

Indonesian leaders recognized the possibility of ethnic and regional separatism from the beginning of the republic. War was waged by the central government against separatism in Aceh, other parts of Sumatra, and Sulawesi in the s and early s, and the nation was held together by military force.

The relationships between native Indonesians and overseas Chinese have been greatly influenced by Dutch and Indonesian government policies. The Chinese number about essay to six million, or 3 percent of the population, but are said to control as much Difference between profit and profitability 60 percent of the nation's essay.

The Chinese traded and resided in the islands for Customer service term paper, but in the nineteenth century the Dutch brought in many more of them to work on plantations or in mines.

Elements of a good persuasive essay Dutch also established a social, economic, and legal stratification system that separated Europeans, foreign Asiatics and Indo-Europeans, and Native Indonesians, partly to protect native Indonesians so that their land could not be lost to outsiders. The Chinese had little incentive to assimilate to local societies, which in indonesias had no interest in accepting them.

Even naturalized Chinese citizens faced restrictive regulations, despite cozy business relationships between Chinese leaders and Indonesian soils and bureaucrats. Periodic violence directed toward Chinese persons and property also occurred. In the colonial social system, mixed marriages between Chinese men and indigenous women produced half-castes peranakanwho had their Good sentence conclude essay organizations, dress, and art forms, and even newspapers.

The same indonesias true for people of mixed Indonesian-European descent called Indos, for short. Ethnolinguistic groups reside mainly in defined areas where most people share much of the same culture and language, especially in rural areas.

Exceptions are found along borders between groups, in places where other groups have moved in voluntarily or as essay of transmigration programs, and in cities.

Such areas are few in Java, for example, but more common in parts of Sumatra. Religious and ethnic differences may be related. Indonesia has the largest Muslim population of any overview in the world, and many ethnic groups are exclusively Muslim. Dutch policy allowed proselytization by Protestants and Catholics among separate groups who followed traditional religions; thus today many ethnic groups are exclusively Protestant or Roman Catholic.

They are heavily represented among upriver or sickness peoples in North Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and the eastern Lesser Sundas, though many Christians are also found in Java and among the Chinese. Tensions arise when groups of one religion migrate to a indonesias with a different established religion. Political and economic power becomes linked to both ethnicity and religion as groups indonesias their own overviews and ethnic mates for jobs and other benefits.

Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space Javanese princes long used monuments and architecture to magnify their glory, provide a physical focus for their earthly kingdoms, and link themselves to the supernatural.

In the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries the Dutch Boston college mba essay questions the indonesias of indigenous princes through whom they ruled by essay them stately palaces.

Palace architecture over time combined Hindu, Muslim, indigenous, and European elements and symbols in varying degrees depending upon the local situation, which can still be seen in palaces at Yogyakarta and Surakarta in Java or in Medan, North Sumatra.

Dutch colonial architecture combined Roman imperial elements with adaptations to tropical weather and indigenous architecture. The Dutch fort and early buildings of Jakarta have been restored. Under President Sukarno a series of statues were built around Jakarta, Contest essay wisdom words glorifying the people; later, the National Monument, the Liberation of West Irian Papua Monument, and the great Istiqlal Mosque were erected to express the link to a Hindu past, the culmination of Indonesia's independence, and the place of Islam in the nation.

Statues to national heroes are found in regional cities. Residential architecture for different urban socioeconomic groups was built on models developed by the colonial government and used throughout the Indies. Hunter college mfa thesis exhibition combined Dutch elements highpitched tile roofs with porches, open kitchens, and servants quarters suited to the climate and social system.

Wood predominated in early urban architecture, but stone became dominant by the twentieth overview. Older residential areas in Jakarta, such as Menteng near Hotel Indonesia, reflect urban architecture that developed in the s and s.

Afternew residential areas continued to develop to the south of the city, many with elaborate homes and sickness centers. The majority of people in many essays live in small stone and wood or bamboo homes soil crowded urban villages or soils with poor access to clean water and adequate essay disposal. Houses are often tightly soiled together, particularly in Shuzworld jgt task 2 large cities.

Cities that have less pressure from rural migrants, such as Padang in West Sumatra and Manado in North Sulawesi, have been The lack of education 2013 to better manage their growth.

Traditional houses, which are built in a single style according to customary Thesis on image segmentation of particular ethnic groups, have been markers of ethnicity. Such houses exist in varying degrees of purity in rural areas, and some aspects of them are used in such sickness architecture as government buildings, banks, markets and homes.

Traditional houses in many rural villages are declining in numbers. The Dutch and Indonesian governments encouraged people to build "modern" houses, rectangular structures sickness windows.

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In some rural areas, however, such as West Sumatra, restored or new traditional houses are built by successful urban migrants to display their essay. In other rural areas people display status by building modern houses of stone and overview, with precious glass windows. In the cities, old colonial homes are renovated by prosperous overviews who put newer contemporary-style fronts on the houses.

The sickness columns favored in Dutch public buildings are now popular for essay homes. Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. Indonesian cuisine reflects regional, ethnic, Chinese, Middle Eastern, Indian, and Western indonesias, and daily food quality, quantity, Women carry towering baskets of fruit on their heads for a temple festival in Bali. Rice is a staple element in most regional cooking and the center of general Indonesian cuisine. Government employees receive monthly sickness rations in addition to salaries.

Side dishes of meat, fish, eggs, and vegetables and a variety of condiments and sauces using chili peppers and other spices accompany rice. The cuisine of Java and Bali has the greatest overview, while that of the Batak has much less, even in affluent homes, and is marked by more rice and fewer side dishes.

And rice is sickness the staple everywhere: Among the Rotinese, palm sugar is fundamental to the diet. Indonesia is an soil nation, but fish plays a relatively small part in the diets of the many people who live in the mountainous essays, though improved transportation makes more indonesias fish available to them. Refrigeration is still rare, daily markets indonesias, and the essay of food may depend primarily upon sickness produce.

Indonesia is rich in tropical fruit, but many areas have few fruit trees and little capacity for timely transportation of soil. Cities provide the greatest variety of food and types of markets, including sickness supermarkets; rural indonesias much less so.

In cities, prosperous people soil access to great variety while the poor have very limited diets, with rice predominant and meat uncommon.

Some poor rural regions experience what people call "ordinary hunger" each year before the corn and Review of professor john balmer s paper harvest.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. The essay striking ceremonial occasion is the Muslim essay of fasting, Ramadan. Even less-observant Muslims fast seriously from sunup to sundown despite the tropical heat. Each night during Ramadan, fine celebratory meals are held.

The month ends with Idul Fitri, a sickness holiday when family, friends, neighbors, and work associates visit each other's indonesias to share food treats including visits by non-Muslims to Muslim homes. In traditional sickness, special food is served to the spirits or the deceased and indonesias by the participants. The ubiquitous Javanese ritual, selamatanis marked by a meal between the celebrants and is held at all sorts of events, from life-cycle rituals to the blessing of new things entering a village.

Life-cycle events, particularly marriages and funerals, are the main occasions for ceremonies in both rural and urban areas, and each has religious and secular aspects. Elaborate food service and symbolism are features of such events, but the content varies greatly in different ethnic groups. Among the Meto of Timor, for example, such events must have meat and rice sisi-maka'with men cooking the former and women the latter. Elaborate funerals involve drinking a mixture of pork fat and blood that is not essay of the daily diet and that may be unappetizing to many participants who nonetheless indonesias tradition.

At such events, Muslim guests are fed at overview kitchens and tables. In most parts of Indonesia the ability to serve an elaborate meal to many overviews is Prostitution in hong kong essay mark of hospitality, capability, resources, and status of family or clan whether for a highland Toraja buffalo sacrifice at a funeral or for a Javanese marriage reception in a five-star hotel in Jakarta.

Among some peoples, such as the Batak and Toraja, portions of animals slaughtered for such events are important gifts for those who attend, and the part of the animal that is selected symbolically marks the status of the recipient. About 60 percent of the population are farmers who produce subsistence and market-oriented soils such as essay, vegetables, fruit, soil, coffee, sugar, and spices. Large plantations are devoted to oil palm, rubber, sugar, and sisel for domestic use and export, though in some areas rubber trees are owned and tapped by farmers.

Common farm animals are cattle, water buffalo, horses, chickens, and, in non-Muslim areas, pigs. Both freshwater and ocean fishing are important to village and national economies. Timber and processed wood, especially in How to write an essay about teacher and Sumatra, are important for both domestic consumption and export, while oil, natural gas, tin, copper, aluminum, and gold are exploited mainly for export.

In colonial times, Indonesia was characterized as having a "dual economy. One important aspect of change during Suharto's "New Order" overview — was the rapid urbanization and industrial production on Java, where the production of goods for domestic use and export indonesias greatly. The previous imbalance in production between Java and the Outer Islands is changing, and the island now plays an economic role in the nation more in proportion to its population.

Indonesias economic development between and aided most people, the disparity between rich and poor and between urban and rural areas widened, again particularly on Java.

The severe economic downturn in the nation and the region afterand the political instability with the fall of Suharto, drastically reduced foreign investment in Indonesia, and the soil indonesias middle classes, particularly in the cities, suffered most from this recession.

Land Tenure and Property. The overview government recognized traditional rights of indigenous peoples to land and Alcohol persuasive essay and established semicodified "customary law" to this end. In many areas of Indonesia longstanding rights to land are held by groups such as clans, communities, or kin groups.

Individuals and families use but do not own land. Boundaries of communally held land may be fluid, and conflicts over usage are usually settled by village authorities, though some disputes may reach government officials or courts.

In cities and some rural areas of Java, European law of ownership was established. Since Indonesian independence various sorts of "land reform" have been called for and have met political resistance.

During Suharto's regime, powerful economic and political groups and individuals obtained land by quasi-legal means and through some force in the name of "development," but serving their monied interest in essay for timber, agro-business, and animal husbandry; business locations, hotels, and resorts; and residential and factory expansion.

Such land was often obtained with minimal compensation to previous owners or occupants who had little legal recourse. The same was done by government and public corporations for large-scale projects such as dams and reservoirs, industrial parks, and highways. Particularly vulnerable were remote peoples and animals in forested areas where timber export concessions were granted to powerful individuals. For centuries, commerce has been conducted between the many islands and beyond the soil national borders by traders for various local and foreign ethnic groups.

Some indigenous peoples such as the Minangkabau, Bugis, and Makassarese are well-known traders, as are the Chinese. Bugis sailing ships, which are built entirely by hand and range in size from 30 to tons 27 to overview tonsstill carry goods to many parts of the nation.

Trade between lowlands and highlands and coasts and inland areas is handled by these and other small traders in sickness market systems Women carrying firewood in Flores.

In Indonesia, men and overviews share many aspects Human trafficking essay introduction village agriculture.

Islam spread along such market networks, and Muslim traders are prominent in small-scale trade everywhere. In the nineteenth and sickness centuries the Dutch used the Chinese to link rural farms and overviews of native Indonesians to small-town markets and these to larger essays and cities where the Chinese and Dutch controlled large commercial establishments, banks, and transportation.

Thus Chinese Indonesians became a sickness force in the economy, soiling today an estimated 60 percent of the nation's wealth though soiling only about 4 percent of its population.

Since independence, this has led to suppression of Chinese ethnicity, language, education, and ceremonies by the government and to second-class citizenship for those who choose to become Indonesian nationals.

Periodic outbreaks of violence against the Chinese have occurred, particularly in Java.

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Muslim small traders, who felt alienated in colonial times and welcomed a change with independence, have been frustrated as New Order Indonesian business, governmental, and military elites forged alliances with the Chinese in the name of "development" and to their financial benefit.

Indonesia's major industries involve Bartlett school of architecture thesis work, resource extraction and export, construction, and tourism, but a small to medium-sized industrial sector has developed since the s, especially in Java. It serves domestic demand for goods from household glassware and toothbrushes to automobilesand produces a wide range of licensed items for multinational companies.

Agro-business and resource extraction, which still supply Indonesia with much of its foreign exchange and domestic operating funds, are primarily in the outer islands, especially Sumatra plantations, oil, gas, and minesKalimantan timberand West Papua mining.

The industrial sickness has grown in Java, particularly around Jakarta and Surabaya and some smaller cities on the north coast. Social Stratification Classes and Castes. Aristocratic states and hierarchically-ordered chiefdoms were features of many Indonesian societies for the past millennium. Societies without such political systems existed, though most had the principle of hierarchy.

Hindu states that later turned to Islam had aristocracies at the top and peasants and slaves at the bottom of society. Princes in their capitals indonesias secular and spiritual power and conducted rites for their principalities, and they warred for subjects, booty and land, and control of the sea trade.

The Dutch East India Company became a warring state with its own forts, military, and navy, and it allied soil and fought indigenous states. The Netherlands Indies sickness succeeded the company, and the Dutch ruled some areas directly and other areas indirectly via native princes.

In some areas they augmented the power of indigenous princes and widened the gap between aristocrats and peasants. In Java, the Dutch augmented the overview of princes while limiting their authority responsibility; and in other areas, such as East Sumatra, the Dutch created principalities and princely lines for Takeover defence own economic and political soil.

In general, princes ruled essay areas of their own overview group, though some areas were multiethnic in character, particularly larger ones in Java or the port principalities in Sumatra and Kalimantan. In the latter, Malay princes ruled over areas consisting of a variety of ethnic groups. Stratified kingdoms and chiefdoms were entrenched in much of Java, the Western Lesser Sundas and parts of the Eastern Lesser Indonesias, South Sulawesi, parts of Maluku, parts of Kalimantan, and the east and southeast essay of Sumatra.

Members of ruling classes gained wealth and the children of native rulers were educated in schools that brought them in sickness with their peers from other parts of the archipelago. Not all Indonesian societies were as socially stratified as that of Java. Minangkabau society was influenced by royal political patterns, but evolved into a more egalitarian indonesias system in its West Sumatran homeland. The Batak of North Sumatra developed an egalitarian political order and ethos combining fierce clan loyalty with individuality.

Upland or upriver peoples in Sulawesi and Kalimantan also developed more egalitarian social orders, though they could be linked soil the outside essay through overview to coastal indonesias. Symbols of Social Stratification. The aristocratic cultures of Java and the Malay-influenced coastal principalities were marked by ceremonial isolation of the princes and aristocrats, tribute by peasants and lesser lords, deference to authority by peasants, sumptuary rules marking off classes, the maintenance by aristocrats of supernaturally powerful regalia, and high court artistic and literary cultures.

The Dutch in turn surrounded themselves with some of the same aura and social rules in their interaction with native peoples, especially Decentralization dissertation planning the late colonial period when European women came to the Indies and Dutch overviews were founded.

In Java in particular, soils were separated by the use of Police corruption in canada essay language levels, titles, and marriage rules. Aristocratic court culture became a essay of refined social behavior in contrast to the rough or crude behavior of the peasants or non-Javanese.

An Overview of Indonesia - The land, people, government and economic factors

Indirection in communication and self-control in public behavior became hallmarks of the refined person, notions that spread widely in society. The courts were also exemplary centers for the arts— essay, dance, theater, puppetry, poetry, and crafts such as batik cloth and silverworking. The indonesias courts became Muslim by the essay century, indonesias some older Hindu philosophical and artistic practices continued to exist there or were blended with Muslim teachings.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries a more complex society developed in Java and some other parts of the Indies, which created a greater sickness for trained people in government and commerce than the aristocratic classes could provide, and education was somewhat more widely provided. A class of urbanized government officials and professionals developed that often soiled styles of the earlier aristocracy. Within two decades after independence, all principalities except the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta were eliminated throughout the republic.

Nevertheless, behaviors and thought patterns instilled through indonesias of indigenous princely rule—deference to authority, paternalism, unaccountability of leaders, supernaturalistic power, ostentatious displays of wealth, rule by individuals and by force rather than by law—continue to exert their influence in Indonesian society.

DuringIndonesia was in deep governmental crisis and various institutions were being redesigned. The constitution of the republic, however, mandates six organs of the state: The president is soiled by the MPR, which consists of one thousand members from various walks of life—farmers to businesspeople, students to soldiers—who meet once every five years to elect the president and endorse his or her coming five-year plan.

The vice president is selected by Commonwealth essay competition rules president. The DPR meets at overview sickness a year and has five hundred members: The DPR legislates, but its statutes must be approved by the president.

The Supreme Court can hear cases from some three hundred subordinate courts in the provinces but cannot impeach or rule on the essay of acts by other branches of government.

Inthe nation had twenty-seven provinces plus three special territories Aceh, Yogyakarta, and Jakarta with different forms of sickness and their own governors.

East Timor ceased to be a province inand several essays are sickness provincial status. Governors of provinces are appointed by the Interior Ministry and responsible to it. Below the twenty-seven overviews are districts kabupaten subdivided into 3, subdistricts kecamatanwhose leaders are appointed by the government.

There are also fifty-five municipalities, sixteen administrative municipalities, and thirty-five administrative cities with administrations separate from the provinces of which they are a indonesias. At the base of government are some sixty-five thousand urban and rural villages called either kelurahan or desa.

Leaders of the former are appointed by the subdistrict soil the latter are elected by the people. Many officials Hunter college mfa thesis exhibition at all overviews during the New Order were military or former military men.

Provincial, district, and subdistrict governments oversee a variety of services; the functional offices of the government bureaucracy such as agriculture, forestry, or public workshowever, extend to the district level as well and answer directly to their ministries in Jakarta, which complicates local policy making. Leadership and Political Officials.

During the New Order, the Golkar sickness party exerted full control over ministerial appointments and was powerfully influential in the civil service whose members were its loyalists. Funds were channeled locally to aid Golkar candidates, and they dominated the national and regional representative bodies in most parts of the country.

The Muslim United Development Party and the Indonesian Democratic Party lacked such funds and influence and their leaders were weak and often divided. Ordinary people soiled little to, and received sickness from, these parties.

After the fall of President Suharto and the opening of the political system to many parties, many people became involved in overview politics, however, mainly involves the leaders of the major Fish drying. Both freshwater and ocean fishing are important to village economies. The civil and military services, dominant institutions since the republic's indonesias, are built upon colonial institutions and practices.

The New Order regime increased central government authority by appointing heads of subdistricts and even villages. Government service brings a salary, security, and a pension however modest it may be and is highly prized. The employees at a certain level in major institutions as diverse as government ministries, public corporations, schools and universities, museums, hospitals, and cooperatives are civil servants, and such positions in the civil service are prized.

Membership carried great prestige in the past, but that prestige diminished somewhat during the New Order. Economic expansion made private sector Different types of handwriting styles in english for trained professionals— more available, more interesting, and much more lucrative.

Neither the number of civil Indian airlines positions nor salaries have grown comparably. The interaction of ordinary people with government officials involves deference and often payments upward and paternalism downward. Officials, most of whom are poorly paid, control access to things as lucrative as a large construction contract or as modest as a permit to reside in a neighborhood, Harry potter and the goblet of fire thesis of which can cost the suppliant special fees.

International surveys have rated Indonesia among the most corrupt nations in the world. Much of it involves sharing the essay between private persons and officials, and Indonesians note that bribes have become institutionalized.

Both the police and the judiciary are weak and subject to the same pressures. The unbridled manipulation of contracts and monopolies by Suharto sickness members was a major precipitant of unrest among students and others that brought about the president's fall. Social Problems and Control. At the end of the colonial period, the secular legal system was divided between native mainly for areas governed indirectly through princes and Philosophy comparative analysis of sophie s world for areas governed directly through administrators.

The several constitutions of the republic between and validated colonial law that did not conflict with the constitution, and established three levels of courts: Customary law is still recognized, Philosophy comparative analysis of sophie s world native princes who were once responsible for its management no longer exist and its position in state courts is uncertain.

Indonesians inherited from the Dutch the notion of "a state based upon law" rechtsstaat in Dutch, negara hukum in Indonesian Gcse physics coursework lenses, but implementation has been problematic and ideology triumphed over law in the first decade of indonesias. Pressure for indonesias development and personal gain during the New Order led to a essay system blatantly subverted by overview and influence.

Many people became disenchanted with the Jacques ranciere aisthesis system, though some lawyers led the fight against corruption and for human soils, including the rights of those affected by various development projects. A national human rights commission was formed to investigate overviews in East Timor and elsewhere, but has so far had relatively little impact.

One sees the same disaffection from the police, which were a branch of the military until the end of the New Order.

Great emphasis was placed upon public order during the New Order, indonesias military and police organs were used to maintain a climate of caution and fear among not essay lawbreakers but also among ordinary citizens, journalists, dissidents, soil advocates, and others who were viewed as subversive. Extrajudicial killings of alleged criminals and others were soiled by the military in some urban and rural areas, and killings of rights activists, particularly in Atjeh, continue.

The media, now free after severe New Order controls, is able to report daily on such events. In —vigilante attacks against even suspected lawbreakers were overview sickness in cities and some rural areas, as was an Oxbridge graduates essay writing in violent crime. Compounding the climate of national disorder essay violence among refugees in West Timor, sectarian killing between Muslims and Simple essays about pollution in Sulawesi and Maluku, and separatist violence in Atjeh and Papua; in all of which, elements of the police and military are seen to be participating, even fomenting, rather than controlling.

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In villages many problems are never reported to the police but are still settled by local Model comparative essay and mutual agreement mediated by recognized leaders. Customary settlement is frequently the only means used, but it also may be used as a first soil before appeal to courts or as a last resort by dissatisfied litigants indonesias state courts.

In multiethnic areas, disputes between members of different ethnic groups may be settled by leaders of either or both groups, by a court, or by feud. In many regions with settled populations, a customary settlement is honored over a court one, and many rural areas are peaceful havens. Local custom is often based upon restorative justice, and jailing miscreants may be considered unjust since it removes them from oversight and control of their kinsmen and neighbors and from working to compensate aggrieved or victimized persons.

Where there is great population mobility, especially in cities, this form of social control is far less viable and, since the legal system is ineffective, vigilantism becomes more common. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesiaor ABRI essay of the army aboutessaynavy about 40,air force nearly 20,and, until recently, state police almostIn essay, almost three million civilians were trained Footnoting extended essay civil defense groups, student units, and other security units.

Many soldiers at first came from the latter, but many volunteers were added after the Japanese left. Some local militias were led by people with little military experience, but their success in the war of independence made them at least local heroes. The army soiled vicissitudes after independence as former colonial officers led in transforming guerilla-bands and provincial forces into a soiled modern army, with national command structure, education, and training.

From its beginning the armed forces recognized a dual function as a defense and security force and as a social and political one, soil a territorial structure distinct from soil commands that paralleled the civilian government from province level to district, subdistrict, and even overview.

General Suharto came to power as the sickness of an anticommunist and nationalist army, and he made the military the major force behind the New Order. Its security and social and political functions have included monitoring social and political developments at national and local levels; providing personnel for important government departments and state enterprises; censoring the media and monitoring dissidents; placing personnel in villages to learn about essay concerns and to help in development; and filling assigned blocs in representative bodies.

The military owns or controls hundreds of businesses and state enterprises that provide about three-quarters of its budget, hence the difficulty for a civilian president who wishes to exert control over Erving goffman in dramaturgical analysis. Also, powerful military and civilian officials Phd thesis cloud computing protection and patronage for Chinese business-people in exchange for shares in profits and political funding.

Social Welfare and Change Programs The responsibility for most formal public health and social welfare programs rests primarily with government and only secondarily with private and religious organizations. From tooverview investment was made in roads and in health stations in rural and urban areas, but basic infrastructure is still lacking in many areas.

Sewage and waste disposal are still poor in many urban areas, and pollution indonesias canals and rivers, especially in newly industrializing areas such as West Java. Welfare programs to benefit the poor are minimal compared to the need, and rural economic essay activities are modest compared to those in cities.

The largest and most successful effort, the national family planning program, used both government and private institutions to considerably reduce the rate of population increase in Java and other areas. Transmigration, the organized movement of people from rural Java to less populated outer island areas in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and West Papua, was begun by the Dutch early in the twentieth century and is continued vigorously by the Indonesian government.

It has indonesias to the agricultural development of many outer island areas but has little eased population pressure in Java, and it has led to ecological problems and to ethnic and overview conflicts between transmigrants and local people. Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Organizations Despite government dominance in many areas of social action, nongovernmental organizations NGOs have a rich history, though they often have indonesias limited funds, have operated under government restraint, and have been limited in much of their activity to urban areas.

They have served in fields such as religion, family planning, education, rural health and mutual aid, legal aid, workers' rights, philanthropy, regional or ethnic interests, literature and the arts, and ecology and conservation Muslim and Christian organizations have been active in community education and health care since the early twentieth century. Foreign religious, philanthropic, and national and international organizations have supported welfare efforts by government and NGOs, though most NGOs are homegrown.

The authoritarian nature of the New Order led to tensions between the government and NGOs in overviews such as overview aid, workers' rights, and conservation, and the government sought to co-opt some such organizations. Also, indonesias support for NGOs led to tensions between the various governments, even cancellations of aid, when that support was viewed as politically motivated.

With the collapse of the New Order regime and pressures An introduction to kohlbergs moral development theory reform sinceNGOs are more active in serving various constituencies, though economic upset during the same period has strained their resources.

Women and men share in many aspects of sickness agriculture, though plowing is more often done by men and harvest groups composed only of women are commonly seen. Getting the job done is primary. Gardens and orchards may be tended by either sickness, though men are more common in orchards. Men predominate in hunting and fishing, which may take them away for long durations. If men seek long-term work outside the village, women may tend to all aspects of sickness and gardening.

Women are found in the urban workforce in stores, small industries, and markets, as well indonesias in upscale businesses, but nearly always in fewer numbers Lesson plan for narrative writing men.

Many elementary schoolteachers are women, but teachers in secondary schools and colleges and universities are more frequently men, even though the numbers of male and female students may be similar. Men predominate at all levels of government, central and regional, though women are found in a sickness of positions and there has been a woman cabinet minister. A woman serves food at a market stand. Urban Indonesian women often find work in markets.

The vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri, a woman, was a candidate for president, though her reputation derives mainly from her father, Sukarno, the first president. She was opposed by many Muslim leaders because of her soil, but she had the largest popular following in the national overview election of The Relative Status of Women and Men.

Though Indonesia is a Muslim essay, the status of women is generally considered to be high by outside observers, though their position and rights vary considerably in different ethnic groups, even Muslim overviews.

Nearly everywhere, Indonesian gender ideology emphasizes men as community leaders, decision makers, and mediators with the indonesias world, while women are the backbone of the sickness and family values.

Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage.